Strategic Autonomy in a Globalized World: India’s Foreign Policy in the 21st Century

Author(s): Dr. Prasanta Pradhan

Abstract:

In the 21st century, India’s foreign policy has undergone a significant transformation shaped by globalization, shifting power structures, and emerging geopolitical challenges. While the principle of strategic autonomy-rooted in India’s post-independence commitment to non-alignment-continues to guide its external relations, its interpretation and application have evolved considerably. This paper examines how India has adapted strategic autonomy to pursue deeper global engagement without formal alliance commitments. It analyses India’s growing partnerships with major powers such as the United States, Russia, and the European Union, alongside its active participation in multilateral forums including the Quad, BRICS, G20, and the United Nations. The study also explores India’s responses to regional security concerns, particularly in the Indo-Pacific, its relations with China and Pakistan, and its leadership role in the Global South. By assessing continuity and change in India’s diplomatic, economic, and strategic approaches, the paper argues that India has shifted from traditional non-alignment toward a flexible strategy of multi-alignment. This approach allows India to safeguard its national interests while enhancing its influence in an increasingly interconnected and competitive international system.

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Pages: 106-110     |    32 View     |    2 Download